Mechanical properties of metallic materials
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Release time:
2024-05-20
The properties of metal materials are generally divided
The properties of metal materials are generally divided into two categories: processability and usability. The so-called process performance refers to the performance of metal materials under predetermined cold and hot processing conditions during the manufacturing process of mechanical parts. The quality of the processing performance of metal materials determines their adaptability to machining and forming during the manufacturing process. Due to different processing conditions, the required process performance also varies, such as casting performance, weldability, malleability, heat treatment performance, cutting processability, etc. The so-called performance refers to the performance exhibited by metal materials under the usage conditions of mechanical parts, including mechanical properties, physical properties, chemical properties, etc. The performance of metal materials determines their range of use and service life.
In the mechanical manufacturing industry, general mechanical parts are used at room temperature, atmospheric pressure, and non strongly corrosive media, and each mechanical part will bear different loads during use. The resistance of metal materials to damage under load is called mechanical properties (or mechanical properties).
The mechanical properties of metal materials are the main basis for the design and selection of parts. The mechanical properties required for metal materials will also vary depending on the nature of the external load, such as tension, compression, torsion, impact, cyclic load, etc. Common mechanical properties include strength, plasticity, hardness, impact toughness, multiple impact resistance, and fatigue limit. Below, various mechanical properties will be discussed separately.
1. Strength
Strength refers to the ability of a metal material to resist damage (excessive plastic deformation or fracture) under static load. Due to the various forms of load action such as tension, compression, bending, and shear, strength is also divided into tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, shear strength, etc. There is often a certain correlation between various strengths, and in use, tensile strength is generally used as the basic strength indicator.
2. Plasticity
Plasticity refers to the ability of metal materials to undergo plastic deformation (permanent deformation) under load without failure.
3. Hardness
Hardness is a pointer to measure the softness and hardness of metal materials. At present, the commonly used method for measuring hardness in production is the indentation hardness method, which uses a geometric shaped indenter to press into the surface of the tested metal material under a certain load, and determines its hardness value based on the degree of pressing.
The commonly used methods include Brinell hardness (HB), Rockwell hardness (HRA, HRB, HRC), and Vickers hardness (HV).
4. Fatigue
The strength, plasticity, and hardness discussed earlier are all indicators of the mechanical properties of metals under static loads. In fact, many machine parts work under cyclic loads, and under these conditions, the parts will experience fatigue.
5. Impact toughness
The load acting on the mechanical components at a high speed is called impact load, and the ability of metals to resist damage under impact load is called impact toughness.
Key words:
Metal materials,processes
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